Color blindness - Wikipedia. Color blindness, also known as color vision deficiency, is the decreased ability to see color or differences in color.[2] Color blindness can make some educational activities difficult.[2] Buying fruit, picking clothing, and reading traffic lights can be more challenging, for example.[2] Problems, however, are generally minor and most people adapt.[2] People with total color blindness, however, may also have decreased visual acuity and be uncomfortable in bright environments.[2]The most common cause of color blindness is an inherited fault in the development of one or more of the three sets of color sensing cones in the eye.[2] Males are more likely to be color blind than females, as the genes responsible for the most common forms of color blindness are on the X chromosome.[2] As females have two X chromosomes, a defect in one is typically compensated for by the other, while males only have one X chromosome.[2] Color blindness can also result from physical or chemical damage to the eye, optic nerve, or parts of the brain.[2] Diagnosis is typically with the Ishihara color test; however a number of other testing methods also exist.[2]There is no cure for color blindness.[2] Diagnosis may allow a person's teacher to change their method of teaching to accommodate the decreased ability to recognize colors.[1] Special lenses may help people with red–green color blindness when under bright conditions.[2] There are also mobile apps that can help people identify colors.[2]Red–green color blindness is the most common form, followed by blue–yellow color blindness and total color blindness.[2] Red–green color blindness affects up to 8% of males and 0. Northern European descent.[2] The ability to see color also decreases in old age.[2] Being color blind may make people ineligible for certain jobs in certain countries.[1] This may include pilot, train driver, and armed forces.[1] The effect of color blindness on artistic ability, however, is controversial.[1] The ability to draw appears to be unchanged and a number of famous artists are believed to have been color blind.[1]Signs and symptoms[edit].

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In almost all cases, color blind people retain blue–yellow discrimination, and most color-blind individuals are anomalous trichromats rather than complete dichromats. Watch Bambi Online Fandango here.

Simulation of the normal (above) and dichromatic (below) perception of red and green apples[citation needed]. Horizontal traffic light in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. In almost all cases, color blind people retain blue–yellow discrimination, and most color- blind individuals are anomalous trichromats rather than complete dichromats. In practice, this means that they often retain a limited discrimination along the red–green axis of color space, although their ability to separate colors in this dimension is reduced. Color blindness very rarely refers to complete monochromatism.[3]Dichromats often confuse red and green items. For example, they may find it difficult to distinguish a Braeburn apple from a Granny Smith or red from green of traffic lights without other clues—for example, shape or position.

Dichromats tend to learn to use texture and shape clues and so may be able to penetrate camouflage that has been designed to deceive individuals with normal color vision.[4]Colors of traffic lights are confusing to some dichromats as there is insufficient apparent difference between the red/amber traffic lights and sodium street lamps; also, the green can be confused with a grubby white lamp. This is a risk on high- speed undulating roads where angular cues cannot be used. British Rail color lamp signals use more easily identifiable colors: The red is blood red, the amber is yellow and the green is a bluish color. Most British road traffic lights are mounted vertically on a black rectangle with a white border (forming a "sighting board") and so dichromats can more easily look for the position of the light within the rectangle—top, middle or bottom. In the eastern provinces of Canada horizontally mounted traffic lights are generally differentiated by shape to facilitate identification for those with color blindness.[citation needed] In the United States, this is not done by shape but by position, as the red light is always on the left if the light is horizontal, or on top if the light is vertical.

However, a single flashing light (red indicating cars must stop, yellow for caution/yield) is indistinguishable, but these are rare. Normal sight. Deuteranopia sight.

Tritanopia sight. Monochromacy sight. Color vision deficiencies can be classified as acquired or inherited. Acquired: Diseases, drugs (e. Plaquenil), and chemicals may cause color blindness.[5][6]Inherited: There are three types of inherited or congenital color vision deficiencies: monochromacy, dichromacy, and anomalous trichromacy. Monochromacy, also known as "total color blindness", is the lack of ability to distinguish colors (and thus the person views everything as if it were on a black and white television); caused by cone defect or absence. Monochromacy occurs when two or all three of the cone pigments are missing and color and lightness vision is reduced to one dimension.

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Rod monochromacy (achromatopsia) is an exceedingly rare, nonprogressive inability to distinguish any colors as a result of absent or nonfunctioning retinal cones. It is associated with light sensitivity (photophobia), involuntary eye oscillations (nystagmus), and poor vision. Cone monochromacy is a rare total color blindness that is accompanied by relatively normal vision, electroretinogram, and electrooculogram. Cone monochromacy can also be a result of having more than one type of dichromatic color blindness.

People who have, for instance, both protanopia and tritanopia are considered to have cone monochromacy. Since cone monochromacy is the lack of/damage of more than one cone in retinal environment, having two types of dichromacy would be an equivalent. Dichromacy is a moderately severe color vision defect in which one of the three basic color mechanisms is absent or not functioning. It is hereditary and, in the case of protanopia or deuteranopia, sex- linked, affecting predominantly males. Dichromacy occurs when one of the cone pigments is missing and color is reduced to two dimensions. Dichromacy conditions are labeled based on whether the "first" (Greek: prot- , referring to the red photoreceptors), "second" (deuter- , the green), or "third" (trit- , the blue) photoreceptors are affected. Protanopia is a severe type of color vision deficiency caused by the complete absence of red retinal photoreceptors.

Protans have difficulties distinguishing between blue and green colors and also between red and green colors. It is a form of dichromatism in which the subject can only perceive light wavelengths from 4. Pure reds cannot be seen, instead appearing black; purple colors cannot be distinguished from blues; more orange- tinted reds may appear as very dim yellows, and all orange–yellow–green shades of too long a wavelength to stimulate the blue receptors appear as a similar yellow hue. It is hereditary, sex- linked, and present in 1% of males.

Deuteranopia is a type of color vision deficiency where the green photoreceptors are absent. It affects hue discrimination in the same way as protanopia, but without the dimming effect. Like protanopia, it is hereditary, sex- linked, and found in about 1% of the male population.[7]Tritanopia is a very rare color vision disturbance in which there are only two cone pigments present and a total absence of blue retinal receptors.

Blues appear greenish, yellows and oranges appear pinkish, and purple colors appear deep red. It is related to chromosome 7. Unlike protanopia and deuteranopia, tritanopia and tritanomaly are not sex- linked traits and can be acquired rather than inherited and can be reversed in some cases. Anomalous trichromacy is a common type of inherited color vision deficiency, occurring when one of the three cone pigments is altered in its spectral sensitivity.

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